satisfying
31Permanent is sharp-P-complete — The correct title of this article is Permanent is #P complete. The substitution or omission of the # sign is because of technical restrictions. In a 1979 paper Leslie Valiant proved[1] that the problem of computing the permanent of a matrix is #P …
32Valiant-Vazirani theorem — The Valiant Vazirani Theorem was proven by Leslie Valiant and Vijay Vazirani in their paper titled NP is as easy as detecting unique solutions published in 1986. The theorem states that if there is a polynomial time algorithm for UNIQUE SAT, then …
33Heyting algebra — In mathematics, Heyting algebras are special partially ordered sets that constitute a generalization of Boolean algebras, named after Arend Heyting. Heyting algebras arise as models of intuitionistic logic, a logic in which the law of excluded… …
34Belief revision — is the process of changing beliefs to take into account a new piece of information. The logical formalization of belief revision is researched in philosophy, in databases, and in artificial intelligence for the design of rational agents.What… …
35Local consistency — In constraint satisfaction, local consistency conditions are properties of constraint satisfaction problems related to the consistency of subsets of variables or constraints. Several such conditions exist, the most known being node consistency,… …
36Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness — Millennium Prize Problems P versus NP problem Hodge conjecture Poincaré conjecture Riemann hypo …
37mathematics — /math euh mat iks/, n. 1. (used with a sing. v.) the systematic treatment of magnitude, relationships between figures and forms, and relations between quantities expressed symbolically. 2. (used with a sing. or pl. v.) mathematical procedures,… …
38performing arts — arts or skills that require public performance, as acting, singing, or dancing. [1945 50] * * * ▪ 2009 Introduction Music Classical. The last vestiges of the Cold War seemed to thaw for a moment on Feb. 26, 2008, when the unfamiliar strains …
39Greek arithmetic, geometry and harmonics: Thales to Plato — Ian Mueller INTRODUCTION: PROCLUS’ HISTORY OF GEOMETRY In a famous passage in Book VII of the Republic starting at Socrates proposes to inquire about the studies (mathēmata) needed to train the young people who will become leaders of the ideal… …
40First-order logic — is a formal logical system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic (a less… …
